Systems Architecture for Quantum Measurements

Quantum computers can solve long standing problems in physics, chemistry, materials science, and machine learning. Currently, there is a global race among scientists and engineers in both industry and academia to develop larger, more reliable quantum computers, networks and sensors. They aim to expand the capabilities of these machines and demonstrate their efficacy in solving practical problems. The path to practical quantum advantage remains fraught with challenges. There is a considerable gap between the quantum hardware needed to address real-world problems and the capabilities of existing quantum technology due to error-prone hardware. Closing this gap will require concerted efforts across theory, technology, and systems. In this tutorial, we will focus on quantum measurements.

Measuring a quantum bit (qubit) is a fundamental operation in quantum computing. It translates quantum information into classical information, enabling subsequent classification to assign the qubit states '0' or '1.' Unfortunately, quantum measurements are one of the most error-prone and slowest operations on many leading quantum hardware platforms. High measurement accuracy is essential for building applications on near-term noisy quantum computers and enabling future error-corrected quantum computers. Additionally, quantum measurements play a crucial role in quantum sensing and networking, making its scalability a key architectural challenge that affects the reliability, performance, and security of quantum systems.

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